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Microplastics Controlling Approaches: Removal Reaction Pathways, Kinetics, and Toxicity Evaluation of the Products
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This review examines the formation, environmental impacts, and removal technologies for microplastics, covering methods like advanced oxidation, membrane filtration, and biological degradation. The researchers assess the effectiveness and reaction pathways of various approaches, while also evaluating the toxicity of breakdown products. Understanding both how to remove microplastics and what byproducts are generated is essential for developing safe and effective remediation strategies.
The widespread existence of microplastics and their potential negative impacts on ecosystems and human health make them one of the most prevalent global environmental challenges today. Microplastics are either formed by the fragmentation of large plastics or are purposefully manufactured for specific applications. Several studies have revealed that microplastics pose severe risks to both marine life and humans among which the undesirable effects on the human food chain are serious and inevitable. To control the level of such pollution in the environment, systematic regulatory measures, public awareness, and advanced removal technologies should be simultaneously considered. After a short introduction to the basic global concerns, this chapter discusses the mechanism of formation and environmental distribution of microplastics alongside their potential threats to natural life. Additionally, it evaluates a variety of removal techniques for adsorbing and/or degrading microplastics in terms of kinetics, removal reaction pathways, and toxicity assessment of byproducts, while considering their physical, chemical, and biological properties. It also delves into recent advancements in this field, provides insights into the current state of knowledge, and points out areas that need more research.
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This review examines different methods for breaking down microplastics in the environment, including biological approaches using microorganisms and chemical techniques like advanced oxidation. Each method has trade-offs in effectiveness and scalability, and better standardized testing is needed to move these solutions from the lab to real-world cleanup of microplastic pollution that threatens ecosystems and human health.
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This review summarizes current methods for degrading microplastics, including advanced oxidation processes, biodegradation, and thermal treatments, along with their underlying mechanisms. The study highlights that while several approaches show promise in laboratory settings, challenges remain in scaling these technologies for real-world environmental remediation of microplastic pollution.
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This review evaluates technologies for removing microplastics from the environment, including physical methods like filtration, chemical treatments, and biological approaches using microorganisms. Each method has trade-offs between effectiveness, cost, and scalability, and no single technology can solve the problem alone. The authors emphasize that reducing human exposure to microplastics requires combining better removal technologies with policies that limit plastic production and waste at the source.
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