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4-Nonylphenol adsorption, environmental impact and remediation: a review
Summary
Researchers reviewed how 4-nonylphenol, an endocrine-disrupting chemical, spreads through environments via biofilms and microplastic transport, and identified graphene oxides, zeolites, and activated carbons as effective materials for removing it through adsorption.
Endocrine-disrupting compounds such as 4-nonylphenol pose significant societal and environmental challenges due to their toxicity and estrogenic properties, adversely impacting human health, wildlife, and aquatic ecosystems. The complexity of 4-nonylphenol environmental behavior, its transport mechanisms, and the challenges in mitigating its impact through adsorption processes are critical. Here we review 4-nonylphenol contamination with focus on remediation by adsorption. We found that biofilms can accumulate 4-nonylphenol in aquatic environments; adsorption equilibrium in soils is influenced by temperature; and microplastics facilitate the transport of 4-nonylphenol through ecosystems. We present effective materials for 4-nonylphenol removal, including graphene oxides, silica, zeolites, and activated carbons. We analyze key variables influencing adsorption efficiency, offering a comprehensive database and insights into optimal removal strategies.