Exploring Microplastic and Natural Fiber Emissions from Fabrics and Textiles

The extensive prevalence of microplastics in various environmental compartments has raised grave worries regarding their possible impacts on ecosystems and human health in recent decades. Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm in size) have become persistent in a variety of ecosystems, including terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric, making their way to even the most distant regions far from anthropogenic influences. One of the prominent sources of microplastics is textiles: both natural and synthetic textiles contribute significantly to microfiber (natural fiber and microplastic fiber, respectively) release throughout their life cycle through activities, such as production, wear and tear, washing, and disposal. Among these microfibers, greater attention has been paid to microplastic fibers arising from synthetic fabrics, such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, etc. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of microfibers originating from fabrics and textiles. It examines their source, distribution, environmental fate, and potential ramifications. The effect of textile properties, washing machine features, and laundering settings on microplastic shedding rates, as well as the underlying processes that govern microfiber discharge during washing and usage, are addressed. Additionally, the chapter sheds light on the probable pathways through which these microfibers enter the different environmental matrices, their uptake by terrestrial and aquatic organisms, their possible transfer in the food chain, their environmental ramifications, and probable impacts on human health. The chapter also discusses the challenges associated with microfiber identification, as well as methods for limiting the release of microfibers, such as the use of sustainable materials and effective filtering systems. Understanding the origins and environmental consequences of microfibers is crucial for formulating effective regulations and promoting sustainable practices.