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Emerging pollutants: Risks in salmon fish migration. A review
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This review identifies emerging pollutants threatening salmon migration, covering microplastics, pharmaceuticals, PFAS, brominated flame retardants, and oil contaminants that enter freshwater systems critical for early salmonid development.
The release of pollutants into the environment is a serious ecological problem due to the significant risks they pose both to ecosystems and to human health. The review considers the issues of detection and distribution of new pollutants, as well as sources of their entry into the environment and potential impact on ecosystems. The problem of wastewater pollution is especially urgent in the context of conservation of salmonid fish species. Pharmaceutical and veterinary drugs, components of personal hygiene products, microplastics, per- and polyfluorinated substances, brominated flame retardants, oil and a number of other toxicants enter freshwater bodies, which are especially important for the early stages of the salmon development and its following migration. The presence of pollutants in the aquatic environment depends on a source, their ability to bioaccumulate, as well as to degrade in the processes of biological and abiotic purification. High-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with gas or liquid chromatography can be recommended for detection of new pollutants. Due to high mass measurement accuracy and high specificity, this method is able to effectively identify pollutants even in the complex fish matrix. When conducting non-targeted and targeted screening with highly sensitive full scanning, it is advisable to use high-resolution mass analyzers (TOF, Q-TOF, Q-Orbitrap), which allow determining a number of new compounds. A promising direction in the complex assessment of the impact of pollutants on salmon fish species and the identification of indicators characterizing this impact is metabolomics. It is based on the study of low-molecular organic compounds — metabolites, both intermediate and final metabolic products in body fluids and tissues. Metabolomic profiling allows identifying important markers of the state of a water body under the influence of pollutants, which is necessary for the development of comprehensive regulations and guidelines for the effective handling of these pollutants.
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This review summarizes research on five types of emerging pollutants in water, including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, fluorinated chemicals (PFAS), flame retardants, and disinfection byproducts. Wastewater treatment plants are the main source of these pollutants entering waterways, and microplastics along with PFAS and flame retardants can travel long distances and build up in living organisms. While ecological risk was generally assessed as low in most locations, the review highlights gaps in monitoring and the need for better prediction tools to protect water supplies and human health.
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