Nanoparticle-Based Bioremediation Approach for Plastics and Microplastics

Plastic pollution poses a global environmental crisis with extensive consequences for ecosystems, wildlife, and human health, primarily due to the persistent nature of plastics, including microplastics. Bioremediation, an eco-friendly approach utilizing living organisms or their by-products to break down pollutants, shows promise in mitigating plastic pollution. Microbial degradation, particularly by bacteria and fungi, is gaining attention for enzymatically breaking down various plastic polymers. Nanoparticle-based bioremediation offers a cutting-edge solution by engineering nanoparticles with unique properties to interact with and catalyze the breakdown of plastic polymers, thereby enhancing the efficiency of plastic bioremediation. Engineered nanoparticles, with their unique physical and chemical properties, offer efficient microplastic removal through enhanced adsorption or catalytic degradation. Ecotoxicological considerations of nanomaterials scrutinize the potential effects of nanoparticles on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, aiming to assess the broader ecological impact of microplastic bioremediation. Biotechnology and nanotechnology advancements hold promise, and the importance of continued interdisciplinary research, collaboration, and the development of robust regulatory frameworks is emphasized. This chapter explores recent advancements in nanotechnology applications for plastic bioremediation, underscoring the potential of nanoparticles to augment microbial activities and expedite the degradation of plastics and microplastics. In conclusion, the chapter reflects on future perspectives and challenges in microplastic bioremediation.