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Toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic and copper oxide nanoparticle in Artemia salina: Single and combined effects on stress responses
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Researchers tested polystyrene nanoplastics and copper oxide nanoparticles individually and in combination in brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and found synergistic toxicity — the combined exposure caused greater growth inhibition, oxidative stress, and cholinesterase disruption than either contaminant alone.
Nanoparticles, such as copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NP) and polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP), are increasingly released into aquatic environments, and pose potential risks to aquatic animals such as brine shrimps. Understanding the toxicity of these nanoparticles, especially when combined, is very important to assess their environmental effects. Therefore, this work describes the toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP) and CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for brine shrimp (Artemiasalina). The body length and stress biomarkers, including the activity of SOD, CAT, GST, Acid phosphatase, AChE, level of MDA and GSH, and expression of the hsp70 gene were quantified. The 48h-EC50 values for PSNP, CuO NPs, and their combination were determined as 1.024 and 5.089, and 0.512 mg L, respectively. The combined exposure groups showed the highest growth inhibition. This was associated with increased activity of SOD and GST, decreased activity of CAT, a significant decrease in the level of GSH, a significant increase in the MDA level, and expression of the hsp70 gene (P < 0.05). Moreover, an increased ACP and reduced AChE activity were observed in exposure groups. This study indicated that PSNP and CuO NPs have synergistic toxicity for A.salina, underscoring the importance of further investigation into their combined effect on aquatic animals.
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Single and combined toxicity of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles with potassium dichromate and copper sulfate on brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae
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Researchers tested the acute toxicity of amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics on brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) larvae alone and in combination with heavy metal toxicants, finding that nanoplastics generally enhanced the toxicity of chromium and copper co-exposures, demonstrating that realistic multi-contaminant scenarios pose greater risk to zooplankton than single-chemical assessments suggest.
Particulate matter and nanoplastics: synergistic impact on Artemia salina
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Combining nanoplastics with particulate matter (airborne or aquatic fine particles) produces worse outcomes for the brine shrimp Artemia salina than either pollutant alone, reducing survival and vitality. This synergistic toxicity is important because in real environments, nanoplastics rarely exist in isolation — they co-occur with other pollutants, making risk assessments based on single-contaminant studies likely to underestimate harm.
Synergistic impact of nanoplastics and nanopesticides on Artemia salina and toxicity analysis
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Researchers studied how polystyrene nanoplastics interact with nanopermethrin, a nano-sized pesticide, and their combined toxic effects on brine shrimp. The study found that nanoplastics acted as carriers for the pesticide, and the combination was significantly more toxic than either substance alone, lowering the lethal concentration from 4.5 to 3.1 mg per liter. These findings suggest that nanoplastics in the environment can amplify the harmful effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms.
Time-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoparticles in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels
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Researchers tracked short- and long-term effects of cationic polystyrene nanoplastics on brine shrimp Artemia, finding that even low concentrations impair growth, trigger cumulative oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, inhibit neural and developmental enzymes including cholinesterase and carboxylesterase, and alter gene expression governing molting and cell protection.
Ecotoxicity of emerging pollutants: Interactive impact of polystyrene nanoplastics and Metanil yellow on Artemia salina
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Researchers exposed a common marine test animal, brine shrimp, to polystyrene nanoplastics combined with a synthetic yellow dye and found the mixture was far more toxic than either substance alone, killing over 93% of shrimp. The dye coated the nanoplastic surfaces, increased particle size, and amplified oxidative stress, showing that nanoplastics can make co-existing pollutants more dangerous.
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