Tackling microfibre pollution through science, policy, and innovation: A framework for Canadian leadership

Microfibre pollution has emerged as a global conservation and public health concern, prompting a wave of research related to its source, transport, fate and effects, as well as mitigation strategies. This report provides support for the Government of Canada in decision-making on microfibres, by summarizing important elements of the topic from the scientific literature, stakeholder consultations and cross-sector activities. The goal herein is to characterize the primary sources, discharge mechanisms and environmental fate of microfibre pollution in Canada, review available methodologies and definitions, list candidate solution strategies for Canadian application, and review global advances in policy and industry. Many sources and types of microfibres exist, but current evidence suggests that environmental microfibre contamination originates largely from the textile sector, with releases arising during manufacturing, trade and laundry processes. Two broad categories of textiles in this sector are relevant to the characterisation of sources, applications and processes that result in microfibre pollution in Canada, namely conventional (clothing) and technical textiles. We focus herein on conventional textiles, as a significant, but not exclusive, source of microfibres to the Canadian environment. Additional types of products that contribute microfibres to the environment are those used in the fishing, civil engineering, medical, personal care and construction sectors, and consumer products such as cigarettes. The underlying polymers used in these products can be both synthetic and natural, with both being the focus of this report. Our awareness of microfibre pollution grew out of the broader research on microplastics. This research demonstrates that microfibres, often the dominant type of microplastics, are pervasive in the environment, wildlife and drinking water. In Canada, microfibres account for approximately 80 per cent of the microplastic particles reported across water, soil, biota, air, and wastewater samples. While Canadian researchers will continue to benefit from new approaches to the sampling, detection and identification of microfibres and microplastics in the environment, having comparable data among studies and monitoring programs is crucial. Agreed-upon Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols are needed by producers, researchers, natural resource managers, consultants and regulators. This report assesses progress in the important, but at times challenging developments in the standardization and harmonization of microfibre methods, and provides guidance for stakeholders on best scientific and technical practices and the latest measurement methods. Microfibre pollution arising from textiles is a multifaceted environmental challenge that cannot be effectively mitigated through technical solutions alone. Meaningful and lasting reductions in microfibre pollution will require a holistic approach that recognizes the interconnected role of the textile value chain and the ways in which microfibres contaminate the environment. Such a system prioritizes waste reduction and waste management at all stages. Achieving a demonstrable reduction in microfibre pollution in the environment necessitates a re-evaluation and transformation of how textiles are designed, produced, used, and disposed of, ensuring sustainability is embedded at every stage. While domestic circumstances in Canada offer the most immediate regulatory and policy solution opportunities, a dual approach that helps to also capture the international supply chain is critical to the success of efforts to curtail microfibre pollution in the Canadian environment. Microfibre pollution is but one – albeit important – environmental impact associated with the textile sector. We therefore touch herein on additional impacts that may be considered so as to maximize sustainability aims and the protection of human health. A systems change approach will allow Canada to achieve wider environmental goals around the textile sector, such as reducing plastic and microfibre pollution, conserving water and energy resources, reducing the release of potentially harmful dyes and additives, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and ultimately minimizing the overall ecological footprint of our clothing choices.