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Effect of Mn(II) and Co(II) on Anti-Candida Metabolite Production by Aspergillus sp. an Endophyte Isolated from Dizygostemon riparius (Plantaginaceae)
Summary
Researchers studied how manganese and cobalt ions affect the production of antifungal metabolites by an endophytic Aspergillus fungus. They identified metal-induced secondary metabolites with activity against drug-resistant Candida species using advanced chemical analysis techniques. While not directly related to microplastics, the study contributes to understanding how environmental conditions influence microbial metabolite production.
Background/Objectives: This study evaluates the effect of Mn(II) and Co(II) ions on the production of anti-Candida metabolites by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp., isolated from Dizygostemon riparius. The objective was to identify metal-induced secondary metabolites with antifungal potential against drug-resistant Candida species. Methods: Aspergillus sp. was cultivated in Czapek agar supplemented with MnCl₂ (400 µM) or CoCl₂ (200 µM). Metabolite profiles were analyzed using UHPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-HRMS, followed by structural elucidation via NMR. Antifungal and biofilm inhibition activities were tested against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Toxicity was assessed using Tenebrio molitor larvae. Results: Key metabolites, including pyrophen, penicillquei B, and fonsecinone B, demonstrated antifungal activity with MIC values of 4.37-280.61 µg/mL. Fonsecinone B exhibited superior biofilm inhibition, surpassing fluconazole in reducing biofilm biomass and viability. In vivo assays showed low toxicity, with survival rates above 80% at 2× MIC/kg. Conclusions: Mn(II) and Co(II) significantly modulated the production of antifungal metabolites in Aspergillus sp. Fonsecinone B emerged as a promising candidate for antifungal therapy due to its potent activity and low toxicity. These findings support further investigation into the therapeutic potential of metal-induced fungal metabolites for combating drug-resistant Candida infections.
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