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Occurrence and sources of organic contaminants of emerging concern in indoor dust: A global perspective

Journal of Hazardous Materials 2026 Score: 50 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
Wei Du, Wei Du, Ruijing Hu, Nan Fu, Min Wu, Min Wu, Yang Liu, Yang Liu, Yuanchen Chen, Guofeng Shen, Nan Lin, Bo Pan, Bo Pan, Shu Tao, Shu Tao

Summary

This review examines the global occurrence and sources of organic contaminants of emerging concern found in indoor dust, including flame retardants, phthalate alternatives, UV filters, and microplastics. The study found that indoor dust serves as a key medium for human exposure to these contaminants, with concentrations varying significantly across geographic regions and building types.

Models

Organic contaminants of emerging concern (OCECs) in indoor environments are receiving increasing attention due to their widespread occurrence and potential health risks. Indoor dust, as a key medium through which humans are exposed to OCECs, has become a focal point in global environmental health research. This review concentrates on eight representative categories of OCECs found in indoor dust worldwide: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), chlorinated paraffins (CPs), phthalate alternatives (PAEAs), synthetic antioxidants (SAOs), bisphenol A alternatives (BPAAs), and microplastics (MPs). A variety of OCEC classes are widely present in indoor dust worldwide. Many legacy pollutants (long-chain PFAS) persist, while concentrations of replacement chemicals have increased, reflecting changing use patterns. Monitoring has been concentrated in North America (NA), Europe (EU), and Asia (AS), especially China, whereas Africa (AF) and South America (SA) are largely understudied. Contamination also varies by indoor environment: residential dust is typically enriched in CPs, MPs, and PFAS (from household products); offices, with dense electronics and flame-retardant materials, have especially high levels of AHFRs and OPEs; and educational environments present moderate levels of various OCECs but pose unique risks because of high child exposure. Indoor dust globally serves as a reservoir of OCECs, reflecting our material use and regulations. The pervasive contamination highlights the need for expanded monitoring, particularly in undersampled regions and environments. Understanding indoor OCEC sources and distributions is critical for assessing human exposure, especially for vulnerable groups (infants, children, pregnant women), who have greater dust contact.

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