Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities on Soil and Water Quality: a Comprehensive Review

Industrialization has accelerated economic growth globally but has also intensified pressure on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Industrial activities introduce a wide spectrum of pollutants into soils and water bodies, including heavy metals, organic contaminants, microplastics, nutrients, and emerging pollutants. These contaminants alter soil physicochemical properties, degrade water quality, disrupt ecological functions, and pose serious risks to human health. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent (2023–2025) scientific evidence on the sources, pathways, distribution, and impacts of industrial pollutants on soil and water systems. Emphasis is placed on heavy metal contamination, industrial effluents, microplastics, and associated ecological and health risks. Contemporary monitoring approaches, pollution indices, and risk assessment frameworks are discussed alongside remediation and management strategies aligned with sustainable development goals. The review highlights critical knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research and policy aimed at mitigating industrial pollution and safeguarding environmental quality.