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Impact of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Contamination on Aquatic Environment and Fish Health: Challenges and Bioremediation Strategies
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This review examines the impact of heavy metals and pesticide contamination on aquatic environments and fish health, with attention to how microplastics interact with these traditional pollutants. The authors discuss how pollution from industrialization affects fish physiology and disrupts ecosystem balance. The study highlights bioremediation approaches as sustainable strategies for addressing contaminated aquatic environments.
The environment is the space in which humans, plants, animals, and microorganisms live and operate. It consists of the land, the Earth's atmosphere, and water. The Earth's system is defined by four spheres: the biosphere (living things), the atmosphere (air), the lithosphere (land), and the hydrosphere (water), all of which function together in harmony. Environmental contaminants, often known as pollutants, are compounds that are found at higher levels than in any other part of the environment. (Masindi et al., 2018) Industrialization has increased rapidly during the last century. It has thereby raised the demand for reckless exploitation of the Earth's natural resources, exacerbating the global problem of environmental contamination (Gautam et al., 2016). Various pollutants, including inorganic ions, organic pollutants, organometallic compounds, radioactive isotopes, gaseous pollutants, and nanoparticles, have severely damaged the environment. (Walker, 2012) The term 'contaminant' broadly refers to any undesired alteration in the natural quality of water as a result of biological, chemical, or physical elements, including fertilizers, pesticides, plant diseases, microplastics, and toxic metals. (Bukola and Zaid, 2015).
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Impact of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Contamination on Aquatic Environment and Fish Health: Challenges and Bioremediation Strategies
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This review examines the impact of heavy metals and pesticide contamination on aquatic environments and fish health, including the role of microplastics as co-contaminants. The authors discuss how industrialization has increased pollutant levels in water systems, affecting fish physiology and ecosystem balance. The study highlights bioremediation strategies as promising approaches for cleaning up contaminated aquatic environments.
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Researchers reviewed ecotoxicological effects of aquatic contaminants on fish, highlighting that microplastics and nanomaterials join heavy metals, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals in disrupting immune and neurological function, and that emerging tools such as omics technologies and machine learning now offer improved frameworks for assessing and managing these threats.
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This review provides an overview of environmental contaminants found in fish products, including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and microplastics, and their risks to human health through seafood consumption. The combined presence of multiple contaminants in fish can create compounding toxic effects that are greater than any single pollutant alone. The authors recommend better monitoring and cleanup strategies, including bioremediation, to protect both marine ecosystems and the people who eat seafood.
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This review examines how various toxic substances in water, including microplastics, affect fish health through physiological, behavioral, and biochemical pathways. Researchers summarized evidence that pollutants can accumulate in fish tissues and impair their immune systems, reproduction, and organ function. The study emphasizes that declining water quality from emerging contaminants poses growing risks to aquatic ecosystems and the species that depend on them.
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