Аналіз досвіду застосування біологічних систем для раннього запобігання забрудненню вод

Water pollution is one of the most critical global environmental problems of our time, which has far-reaching consequences for the biosphere and humanity. This phenomenon is characterized by a change in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, which makes it unsuitable for consumption and disrupts the functioning of natural ecosystems. The main anthropogenic sources of pollution are industrial wastewater, domestic wastewater, agricultural activities. All this poses a significant threat to the health of ecosystems and people.Comprehensive ecotoxicological studies are used to assess the level of pollution and the impact of pollutants on biotic systems. Daphnia (Daphnia magna) is recognized as a standard test model in bioassays due to its high sensitivity to changes in water quality, short life cycle and ease of cultivation.Studies focus not only on fertility and mortality rates, but also on modifications of motor activity, which is an extremely sensitive indicator of stress. Analysis methods include video monitoring and quantitative assessment of swimming parameters (speed, distance traveled, immobility/activity time, frequency of direction changes, spatial distribution, response to light/darkness).Analysis of scientific publications confirms the considerable interest in the behavior of Daphnia as an early warning alarm system. Changes in swimming speed, movement pattern (chaotic, sinking movements) or vertical migration occur long before lethal effects. Studies show that different pollutants(heavy metals, dyes, microplastics, herbicides) cause specific “behavioral profiles”, which allows toidentify the mechanisms of action of toxicants on the nervous or endocrine systems.The high correlation between swimming behavior and pollutant concentration was found, emphasizing the practical significance of these studies for biomonitoring and ecotoxicological assessment of water resources. Daphnia are used in early biological warning monitoring systems for rapid testing of drinking water quality. Changes in their behavior can have cascading effects on the entire freshwater ecosystem, affecting food webs and the functioning of the reservoir. This lays the foundation for the development of a comprehensive technology for rapid detection of aquatic toxicity.