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Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Marine & Wildlife Sign in to save

Research Gaps and Future Directions for Addressing Microplastics and PFAS: Impacts in Aquatic Environments

Emerging contaminants and associated treatment technologies 2025
Mohammad Yaasar Moosa, Mohanraj Thangarasu, Indra Sulania, Jeyanthinath Mayandi, Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha

Summary

This review identifies critical knowledge gaps in understanding how microplastics and PFAS (forever chemicals) interact and cause harm in aquatic environments after more than seven decades of production. Addressing these gaps is urgent because both contaminants persist indefinitely, accumulate in living organisms, and are now detectable in virtually every aquatic environment on Earth.

Forever chemicals, including microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), have been produced and utilized for more than seven decades. Megatons of plastic and fluoropolymeric goods is produced yearly, and most of them are...

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