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Composite contaminations dilemma in facility agriculture: pollution characteristics, risk assessment, and sustainable control strategies
Summary
Researchers reviewed the problem of compound contamination in facility agriculture, where heavy metals, antibiotic resistance genes, and micro/nanoplastics accumulate together in enclosed growing environments. The study assessed the pollution characteristics and risks created by the interaction of these contaminants from agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic films. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated management strategies to address these overlapping contamination threats in intensive farming systems.
Facility agriculture, as a cornerstone of modern high-efficiency agricultural production, is crucial for sustainable development. However, the irrational use of agricultural inputs (including fertilizers, pesticides, and plastic films), coupled with their characteristics of multiple cropping and enclosed environments, has led to the increasingly severe co-accumulation of contaminants, with the most prominent examples being heavy metals (HMs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and micro/nanoplastics (MNPs). Their interactions and additive polluted effects present significant obstacles to the sustainability of facility agriculture. Targeting the co-occurrence of HMs, MNPs, and ARGs in facility farmlands, this study comprehensively investigates their co-occurrence, evaluates methodologies for assessing composite pollution risks, examines potential mechanisms, and reviews existing technologies for mitigating composite contamination. The combined effects of these pollutants enhance their individual effects and threaten human health through bioaccumulation in the food chain. While binary composite contamination mechanisms are well understood, the dynamic changes and synergistic effects of ternary composites remain poorly explored. Furthermore, existing risk assessment methods struggle to simultaneously evaluate contamination levels and ecological risks of multiple pollutants across diverse scenarios. Although physical-chemical-biological technologies have proven effective in controlling single pollutants, the synergistic control of composite pollution remains a technical bottleneck. To address these challenges, priority should be given to exploring multi-medium migration mechanisms, developing multi-scenario risk assessment methods, and advancing sustainable bio-ecological technologies for composite pollution control. This review offers both theoretical insights and practical guidance to advance the green, sustainable transformation of facility agriculture within the "One Health" framework.
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