Microplastic Contamination in Water, Sediment, and Biota in Mangrove Forests

The widespread presence of microplastics became a threat attracting worldwide attention. Since the demand for plastic products has dramatically increased, the amount of plastic waste has simultaneously risen. The presence of microplastics has been reported in different ecosystems due to improper plastic waste management. Over the past decade, microplastic abundance in marine ecosystems has been widely investigated, while mangrove ecosystems that connect land to the ocean have received little attention. Mangrove forests provide habitats and nutrients for animals and are also important for juvenile nurseries. It is utilized for human subsistence as a crucial natural resource. Moreover, they are at the frontline encountering disaster and act as protection shield against shoreline erosion. Due to the specific growing zone of the mangrove forest, it accidentally acts as an efficient receptacle for enormous marine debris and land-based waste. In addition, the unique characteristics, such as breathing roots, advocate the accumulation of plastic waste. This can cause accumulation of microplastics in the biota causing harmful to impacts to living organisms and finally to humans when consumed. Important possible way to prevent microplastic pollution in mangrove forests is primary sources management. Policies and regulations for preventing plastic waste and microplastic pollution in mangrove forests should be developed.