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Production, characterization, and toxicology of environmentally relevant nanoplastics: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters 2025 18 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Serena Ducoli, Gabriela Kalčíková, Milica Velimirović, Laura E. Depero, Stefania Federici

Summary

Researchers reviewed the production, characterization, and toxicity of environmentally relevant nanoplastics, noting that most existing studies rely on synthetic nanospheres that poorly represent the diverse composition, size, and shape of real-world nanoplastic particles. The review covers mechanical and physicochemical production methods, internalization in human cell lines, and bioaccumulation and systemic effects in model organisms.

Nanoplastic pollution is poorly known, in particular because research is actually mainly done using synthetic polymeric nanospheres that are not representative of environmental nanoplastics, which are very diverse in their composition, size, and shape. Here we review environmentally relevant nanoplastics with focus on their production, characterization, quantification, stability, aggregation, and toxicity. Production of environmentally relevant nanoplastics can be done by mechanical  and physicochemical methods. Toxicological studies focus on internalization and toxicity on human cell lines, and bioaccumulation and systemic effects on model organisms.

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