Research on the PFAS release and migration behavior of multi-layer outdoor jacket fabrics

Perfluoroalkyl and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) release from textiles is a source of human exposure, but the mechanisms behind this release remain insufficiently studied. This research investigates the release and transport mechanisms of PFAS in outdoor jacket fabrics treated with a short side-chain fluorinated polymers (CF-SFPs) for durable water repellency (DWR). PA-based and PET-based fabrics were exposed to outdoor conditions and subjected to accelerated aging, followed by abrasion, washing, and drying experiments to simulate wear and degradation. The fabrics were analyzed for total fluorine (TF) content, PFAS composition, and microplastic fibers (MFs) release. Photocatalytic oxidation was applied to fabric extracts to assess the transformation of PFAS precursors. The results show that aging causes a reduction in TF content and an increase in PFAS migration to inner fabric layers, particularly perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and n:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH). Extended washing cycles further elevated fluorine release and MF shedding, with significant fluorine detected in the wash effluents and MFs. In summary, PFAS in outdoor jackets after use exceed regulatory limits and are hazardous to the environment. Therefore, setting limits for only a few PFAS is inadequate to assess release hazards. Future efforts should revise regulations based on release pathways, assess toxicity, and develop better prevention technologies.