Microplastic pollution in the Ganga River: A state-of-the-art review of pathways, mechanisms, and mitigation

ABSTRACT Microplastic (MP) pollution in the Ganga River, a vital waterway sustaining millions, has become a significant environmental and public health concern. This review employed a systematic approach to examine MP pollution in the Ganga River, utilizing a comprehensive database search across Scopus, PubMed, and SpringerLink. This review discusses the multifaceted pathways through which MPs enter and propagate within the river ecosystem. Key sources include urban and industrial wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff laden with plastic mulch and contaminated fertilizers, and inadequate solid waste management leading to litter and illegal dumping. Atmospheric deposition also plays a significant role in transporting MPs from urban centers to the river. Riverine dynamics, influenced by natural flow and sediment processes, facilitate downstream transport of these pollutants. The cultural and religious significance of the Ganga contributes to pollution through ritual practices and mass gatherings. Ecologically, MPs pose severe threats, affecting aquatic organisms through ingestion and bioaccumulation of toxic substances, thereby disrupting biodiversity and food chains. Socio-economically, this pollution jeopardizes public health and the livelihoods of communities reliant on the river. Addressing MP contamination demands comprehensive mitigation strategies. Effective solutions must integrate scientific understanding with robust management practices to safeguard the ecological and socio-economic integrity of the Ganga River.