Hazards of microplastics on human health and its mitigation strategies

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern due to their widespread distribution and persistence in ecosystems. Human exposure to MPs occurs through multiple pathways, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, raising concerns about their potential toxicological impacts. Experimental studies have demonstrated that MPs can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and cytotoxicity in cells, organoids, and animal models, suggesting their potential to disrupt physiological processes and contribute to adverse health outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms underlying MP-induced toxicity in humans remain poorly understood, and evidence from epidemiological studies is still limited. Current mitigation strategies, including regulatory measures, technological advancements in waste management, and public awareness initiatives, aim to reduce MP pollution and minimize human exposure. Despite these efforts, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding the long-term health effects, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation of MPs in the human body. Further research is essential to fill these gaps, enhance the understanding of MP toxicity, and develop more effective strategies for mitigating human health risks associated with microplastic exposure.