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Physiological Effects of Microplastic on Marine Organisms
Summary
This review examines the physiological effects of microplastics on marine organisms, covering how plastic particles—from fragmentation of larger debris or manufactured microbeads—are ingested, accumulate in tissues, and disrupt metabolic and immune functions. It concludes that the ever-increasing concentration of MPs in marine environments represents a growing threat to marine biodiversity and ultimately to human health through the food chain.
The beginning of the 20th century was an era of the rise of the plastic industries, with the rapidmanufacturing of plastic-based products. However, the 21st century has brought the need to confront itsconsequences. Improper management, a lack of awareness about its negative effects, and the irresponsibleuse and disposal of plastic products have turned our planet into a “plastic planet.” Microplastics are smallplastic pieces less than five millimetres long which form from a variety of sources including larger plasticpieces that have broken apart, resin pellets used for plastic manufacturing, or in the form of microbeads.This waste material significantly proves to be a great threat for human and animal health. Plastic orMicroplastic has polluted the marine environment significantly. The ever-increasing amount ofmicroplastics in the sea has resulted in considerable interest in their implications for oceanic animals. Thisreview aims to illustrate and explain how these plastic particles affect marine life, particularly at the organand cellular level.