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Aminated polystyrene and DNA strand breaks in A549, Caco-2, THP-1 and U937 human cell lines
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Researchers exposed four types of human cells — lung, intestinal, and two immune cell types — to amine-coated polystyrene nanoplastics (240 nm) and found no significant DNA damage or cell death, though the particles did deplete an antioxidant called glutathione in lung cells, suggesting a mild oxidative stress effect worth monitoring.
Plastic is used extensively worldwide. However, plastic particles that are less than 1000 nm (i.e. nanoplastics) may be hazardous to human cells. Nanoplastics might be manufactured intentionally or be formed in the environment by degradation of larger plastic items. Ingestion and inhalation are the two most common routes of human exposure to nanoplastics, indicating that epithelial cells have direct exposure. However, immune cells will also interact with particles during tissue inflammation. An assessment of published studies suggests that polystyrene (PS) particles generate higher levels of DNA damage in immune cells compared to epithelial cells, although it has not been formally studied under the same experimental condition. To investigate this, we assessed cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA strand breaks in lung epithelial (A549) cells, intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells, and two monocytes (THP-1 and U937) after exposure to amine-functionalized polystyrene particles (PS-NH2) with declared particle size of 240 nm. No cytotoxicity or intracellular reactive oxygen species production were found at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL. Exposure to PS-NH2 was associated with glutathione depletion in A549 cells. However, there was no increase in the level of DNA strand breaks, measured by the comet assay, in any of the cell lines under standard assay conditions. Diethyl maleate treatment was used to render cells susceptible to oxidative stress. By itself, diethyl maleate treatment led to approximately 50 % glutathione depletion and increased DNA strand breaks, but additional DNA damage was not observed in cells by PS-NH2 exposure in A549, Caco-2, THP-1 and U937 cells.
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Researchers exposed three human immune cell lines (B-lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and monocytes) to 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles and found cell-type-specific responses — monocytes internalized the most particles but showed no harm, while B-lymphocytes and lymphoblasts displayed oxidative stress and DNA damage despite lower uptake.
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Researchers exposed human HeLa cells to polystyrene nanoplastics — particles smaller than 100 nm — and found that even short exposures at low concentrations caused DNA damage, abnormal cell division, and signs of cell death including apoptosis and necrosis. The results suggest nanoplastics can directly damage human cell DNA, raising concerns about the health implications of everyday nanoplastic exposure.
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