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Technologies for Polymer Identification and Monitoring of Microplastics Distribution
Summary
This chapter reviews the full toolkit of analytical techniques used to identify and monitor microplastics across environmental matrices, covering FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, Pyrolysis-GC/MS, and fluorescence microscopy. It also discusses cutting-edge nanoplastic detection methods and emerging monitoring technologies including aerial surveys.
The burgeoning threat of ubiquitous microplastic (MP) contamination across water, air, and soil necessitates a sophisticated analytical toolbox. This chapter delves into the various methods employed to identify and characterize persistent pollutants associated with MPs. It meticulously dissects instrumental techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), Raman Spectroscopy, Rapid screening/fluorescent microscopy, Solid–liquid–liquid microextraction (μSLLE) and Elemental Analyzer/Isotope Ratio Mass. Spectrometry (EA/IRMS) enables detailed identification and differentiation. Furthermore, it delves into cutting-edge technologies for measuring nano-microplastics and deciphering their size, morphology, and chemical compositions. To effectively monitor marine MPs, established programs employing aerial surveys, thermodegradation methods and spatio-temporal coastal monitoring are appraised. The chapter expands, exploring remote sensing, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)- based monitoring, Geographic Information System (GIS) coupled with 3D modeling and future GIS applications, emphasizing the multifaceted approach needed to tackle the intricate challenges posed by ubiquitous MP contamination.