A review of applications, effects, and potential of mulching technology in agriculture

Mulching is a widely adopted agricultural practice that involves covering the soil surface with organic, synthetic, or living materials to optimize crop production, conserve soil moisture, regulate temperature, suppress weeds, and enhance soil health. In the context of increasing environmental stresses such as water scarcity, climate variability, and soil degradation, mulching plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainable farming practices. This review comprehensively examines the various types of mulching materials, their agronomic, ecological, and environmental effects, and outlines emerging trends and future research directions aimed at advancing mulching technology in climate-resilient and resource-efficient agriculture. Recent innovations such as biodegradable and photodegradable mulches, precision mulching, and integration with conservation agriculture are explored, offering insights into sustainable intensification strategies. Furthermore, challenges related to plastic pollution, mulch management, and socio-economic barriers to adoption are critically discussed.