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Marine Algae‐Derived Starch and Polysaccharides for Sustainable Bioplastics: Processing, Properties, Environmental Performance, and Future Prospects
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This review summarizes existing research on making bioplastics from starch and carbohydrates found in marine algae. It covers how these materials are extracted and processed, their properties, and challenges like inconsistent raw materials, energy-heavy processing, moisture sensitivity, and lack of disposal standards that limit large-scale production.
ABSTRACT Marine algae present a promising foundation for developing sustainable bioplastics, distinguished by rapid growth, abundant carbohydrates, and minimal land and freshwater demands. This paper examines the utilization of marine algae‐derived starch and other polysaccharides in bioplastic manufacturing, encompassing algal characteristics, carbohydrate and polysaccharide recovery, bioplastic formulation and properties, and environmental implications. Marine algae‐derived starch and polysaccharides have emerged as promising raw materials for bioplastic development because of their carbohydrate content, functional diversity, and potential for integration into marine biorefinery systems. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential of algae‐based starch in bioplastic production, exploring algal biology, starch extraction processes, and the fabrication and performance of algal bioplastics. Recent advancements, practical applications, and the challenges associated with scaling up marine algae‐based bioplastics are evaluated. Despite significant progress, several challenges continue to hinder large‐scale commercialization, including feedstock variability, energy‐intensive drying and extraction processes, limited moisture resistance, and the absence of standardized end‐of‐life management frameworks. This review critically evaluates these barriers and identifies future research directions aimed at improving material performance, process sustainability, and industrial scalability. The review underscores the potential of marine algae as a sustainable resource for mitigating plastic pollution and advancing green technologies.
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