Exploring the microplastics health impacts risk perception in Iranian people: Challenges and improvement strategies

Background: The growing production of plastic and its integration into consumption patterns have raised significant concerns regarding its environmental and health impacts. The presence of microplastics in various environmental contexts and the excessive exposure of individuals pose serious health risks that must be addressed at multiple levels—from national policy-making to individual and family behaviors. Understanding public perception of microplastics is crucial for effective risk management and mitigation. This study aimed to clarify the understanding of microplastic risks to the health of Iranian citizens. Methods: This study employed a conventional qualitative content analysis approach. Data were collected through purposive sampling via in-depth semi-structured interviews with 29 ordinary citizens and disaster and environmental health professionals. Data collection continued until concept saturation was achieved. Results: Continuous data analysis revealed four main categories and 23 subcategories: (1) Poor management practices and lack of coordination in public administration, (2) Nature of the phenomenon and health and environmental factors, (3) Weakness in education on risk communication, and (4) Improvement strategies. Conclusion: Iranian citizens’ understanding of the harmful effects of microplastics is linked to effective management of this issue, the nature of environmental impacts, the complexity of health effects, and educational challenges. To mitigate the adverse conditions associated with microplastics, it is essential to enhance public awareness of their dangers, promote alternative consumption patterns, and coordinate efforts across all sectors. Effective environmental management is vital for safeguarding human interests and the rights of future generations, reducing financial and environmental damages, and fostering community participation.