Plastic Contamination in Marine and Soil Ecosystems

Plastic pollution in marine and terrestrial ecosystems has emerged as a critical global environmental concern, with serious implications for biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and human livelihoods. This chapter explores the multifaceted aspects of plastic pollution, beginning with a review of its sources, including primary plastics from direct consumption and secondary plastics generated through environmental degradation. It examines the pathways through which plastics are transported within marine and terrestrial ecosystems and highlights the extent of their widespread presence. The chapter also discusses the ecological and toxicological impacts of plastic litter, detailing its consequences for organisms and habitats. To address these challenges, various remediation strategies are explored, including innovative clean-up methods and advancements in microbiological and enzymatic degradation technologies, illustrated with examples of successful ocean and soil clean-up initiatives. Mitigation approaches are further considered, with a focus on the development and use of sustainable materials. Emphasis is placed on the importance of community-driven initiatives and public awareness campaigns in reducing plastic waste. Finally, the chapter identifies key research gaps and technological barriers and proposes interdisciplinary approaches to achieve long-term solutions. By integrating innovative strategies with policy measures and community efforts, the chapter envisions a sustainable future for marine and terrestrial ecosystems free from plastic contamination.