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Leaching, photodegradation, and field occurrence of tire-derived chemicals and their transformation products: LC-HRMS-based target and suspect screening from laboratory to urban road runoff.
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Lab tests and road runoff samples were used to study chemicals released from tire wear particles, including how acidity and light affect their breakdown. Some chemicals leached more under acidic conditions, changed over time with light exposure, and several breakdown products were also found in road runoff alongside the original chemicals.
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are an important source of tire-derived chemicals (TDCs) in urban environments. Following their release from TWPs, TDCs and their transformation products (TPs) can be mobilized by rainfall and transported through road runoff to receiving waters, providing an important pathway for aquatic exposure. However, the release, transformation, and environmental occurrence of these compounds remain insufficiently understood under environmentally relevant conditions. In this study, the occurrence and environmental fate of TDCs were comprehensively investigated using LCHRMS-based target and suspect screening approaches by integrating controlled laboratory experiments with field runoff observations. Leaching experiments were conducted in artificial freshwater (pH 7.8) and artificial rainwater (pH 5.5) to evaluate pH-dependent release behavior, while photodegradation experiments under xenon lamp irradiation were used to examine transformation processes. Road runoff samples were additionally analyzed to evaluate the field occurrence of TDCs and candidate TPs. DPG and 6PPD exhibited greater leaching under acidic conditions, whereas 2-OH-BT showed relatively higher concentrations under neutral conditions, indicating compound-specific pH dependence that was broadly consistent with changes in Log D. Under irradiation, most TDCs showed time-dependent concentration changes, including a rapid decline in detectable 6PPD and transient accumulation of several compounds. A total of 20 candidate TP features were detected and annotated at confidence Levels 1-4, ranging from confirmed or probable structures to tentative structural and molecular-formula assignments. Screening-level prioritization based on Persistence, Mobility, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity (PMBT) scoring indicated that several candidate TPs may warrant greater screening priority than their parent compounds. Field analysis confirmed the occurrence of multiple TDCs in road runoff, including DPG, HMMM, 6PPD, and 6PPD-Q. In addition, several candidate TPs observed in the laboratory experiments were tentatively detected in runoff samples, indicating their potential occurrence under field conditions. Overall, the integration of controlled leaching and transformation experiments with road runoff monitoring provides a framework for linking the release and transformation of TDCs with their environmental occurrence and highlights the need to consider candidate TPs in future environmental assessment of TDCs.
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