We can't find the internet
Attempting to reconnect
Something went wrong!
Hang in there while we get back on track
Microplastics in human biological matrices: occurrence, analytical approaches, and health implications
AI summary Read the abstract
This review summarizes 124 studies on microplastics found in human body samples, including fluids, tissues, and excretions, most commonly detecting plastics like polyethylene and polypropylene. It found widespread evidence of human exposure, but noted inconsistent methods between studies and said links to health conditions remain observational, not proven causes.
Microplastics (MP) have been increasingly reported in human biological matrices, raising important questions regarding human exposure and potential health implications. However, interpretation of the available evidence remains challenging due to substantial methodological heterogeneity, differences in analytical sensitivity, and inconsistent quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) practices. This review examines current evidence on the occurrence and characterization of MP in human biological matrices, also highlighting analytical methods and associated methodological challenges. A structured literature search identified 124 studies published up to January 2026, covering external matrices, biological fluids, excretions, and internal tissues. Studies were further assessed according to predefined QA/QC criteria to evaluate analytical confidence. MP have been reported across a wide range of matrices, with polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate being most frequently identified. Evidence from multiple moderate- and high-confidence studies supports the occurrence of MP in several biological matrices. However, quantitative estimates varied substantially across studies due to differences in sampling strategies, analytical methods, and reporting units. Furthermore, recent evaluations have highlighted discrepancies between some reported internal concentrations and current estimates of human exposure, raising concerns regarding analytical specificity, contamination, and quantitative validity. Several studies reported associations between MP occurrence and pathological conditions or clinical biomarkers, nevertheless, these findings remain observational and do not establish causality. Current data support widespread human exposure to MP. Methodological heterogeneity and lack of standardization limit comparability and risk assessment. Future research should prioritize harmonized analytical protocols and mechanistically informed studies to resolve exposure-response relationships and support evidence-based risk evaluation.
More Papers Like This
Detection, characterization, and quantification of microplastics in human biological matrices: a systematic review.
AI summary Read the abstract
This review summarizes 40 studies that found microplastics in human blood, urine, feces, placenta, breast milk, semen, and lung and heart tissue. Methods for detecting these particles varied widely, and many studies had quality limitations, so researchers say current evidence cannot yet confirm health effects.
Quantitative human biomonitoring of micro- and nanoplastics: Exposure profiles, mechanistic insights, and health implications
AI summary Read the abstract
Researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis of 70 studies that measured micro- and nanoplastics in human body samples collected between 2019 and 2025. They found plastic particles present across multiple organ systems and body fluids, with polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene being the most commonly detected types. While evidence indicates potential associations with oxidative stress and inflammation, the study notes that differences in measurement methods across labs make it difficult to directly compare results, and no causal health relationships have been firmly established yet.
Human biomonitoring of microplastics and health implications: A review
AI summary Read the abstract
This review compiles 91 studies showing that microplastics have been detected in human blood, urine, stool, lung tissue, breast milk, semen, and placenta, confirming widespread human exposure. While our bodies have some ability to clear these particles, microplastics that accumulate in tissues may trigger inflammation, oxidative stress, gut disruption, and reproductive problems. The authors stress that more standardized monitoring methods are needed to fully understand the health consequences.
Microplastics in Humans: A Critical Review of Biomonitoring Evidence and Immune–Metabolic Associations
AI summary Read the abstract
This review critically evaluates the current evidence on microplastic detection in human tissues and biological fluids, focusing on methodological challenges and the potential biological mechanisms of action. Researchers found significant variation across studies due to differences in analytical techniques and sample handling protocols. The study highlights emerging evidence linking microplastic presence in the body to immune and metabolic disruptions, while noting that standardized detection methods are urgently needed.
Microplastics and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review on Exposure Pathways, Toxicity, and Emerging Risks
AI summary Read the abstract
This comprehensive review examines microplastic exposure pathways in humans, methods of detection, and the potential toxic effects on various biological systems. The study highlights growing evidence that microplastics can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, and may affect multiple organ systems, though significant uncertainties remain about long-term health outcomes.
Research digests by email
When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.