Contribution of Plastics and Microplastics in the Global Carbon Economy: A Link Between Green Economy and Carbon Footprint

Abstract The widespread use of plastics and their extensive product value chain are significantly impacting the global carbon economy. Ninety-nine percent of all plastic produced is derived from fossil fuels. The production process is a major global source of emissions, releasing approximately 1.8 gigatons of CO2, which accounts for roughly 3.4% of the total carbon released. Plastics can act as a hidden source of carbon emissions in the environment because after their useful life, they persist as waste and microplastics. This chapter outlines the carbon lifecycle of plastics and microplastics and their interrelationship with the carbon footprint and the green economy. Details on the carbon lifecycle accounting frameworks, end-of-life management strategies, and policy instruments such as the Extended Producer Responsibility, deposit-return systems, and eco-design standards are explained. It also explores technological strategies for reducing the sector’s dependence on fossil-based raw materials, including mechanical and chemical recycling, conversion to bioplastics or biodegradable plastics, and novel inventions. Moreover, it highlights the mechanical and chemical recycling practices, shift to bioplastics or biodegradable plastics, and technological innovations as key avenues for the industry to reduce dependence on fossil-based raw materials. Integrating plastic governance into climate strategies is a highly effective approach to achieving global environmental goals, including the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12 and 13). This approach facilitates the transition to a low-carbon, circular economy; increases resource productivity; and modernizes industrial sectors. The existing gaps in knowledge and infrastructure issues underline the necessity of establishing and implementing uniform, standardized strategic measures.