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Advanced analytical methods for detection and characterisation of microplastics in the environment: a systematic review
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This review summarizes existing research on methods used to detect and measure microplastics in the environment, mainly in water. It compares techniques like microscopy, spectroscopy and thermal analysis, noting their strengths and limits, and discusses sampling and lab practices to help make future testing more consistent and reliable.
Microplastics (MPs) have attracted significant research interest owing to their devastating effects on the plant, animal, and human kingdoms and ecosystems. Their heterogeneous nature, wide size distribution, diverse polymer composition, and complex environmental ageing processes present major challenges for accurate detection, identification, and quantification. This comprehensive review critically evaluates state-of-the-art analytical techniques and methodological workflows employed for microplastics sampling, extraction, characterisation, and quality assurance across different environmental matrices, with a primary focus on aquatic systems. Emphasis is placed on spectroscopic methods (μ-FTIR, Raman), thermal analysis techniques (Py-GC/MS, TED-GC/MS, TGA-MS), microscopy-based approaches, and emerging hyperspectral technologies. The review systematically discusses the strengths, limitations, detection limits, and matrix interferences associated with each technique. In addition, current sampling strategies, density separation protocols, digestion methods, and contamination control practices are critically analysed to identify sources of uncertainty and variability in reported data. This review provides a strategic framework for harmonising analytical protocols and improving reproducibility in microplastics research. The insights presented are intended to support the development of robust monitoring programmes, facilitate risk assessment, and guide future research towards more reliable, sensitive, and standardised microplastics analysis.
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