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Are there any common effects in preclinical models of micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) exposure? A systematic review.
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This review pulled together 185 animal and lab studies to see how tiny plastic particles affect the brain and development. Across very different species, from worms to fish to rodents, exposure consistently disrupted development, survival, and behaviors like memory, anxiety, and sociability, along with changes to a key brain chemical system. While this doesn't prove microplastics harm human health, the consistency across species is a warning sign worth taking seriously.
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants detected in food sources and the marine food chain, raising concerns about human health. Although no causal relationship has been established between MNP exposure and specific diseases, growing evidence suggests adverse developmental, behavioral, cognitive and biochemical effects. This systematic review synthesized evidence from common preclinical neurotoxicology models, including C. elegans, D. rerio, D. melanogaster, in vitro systems and rodents, to identify convergent developmental, behavioral and biochemical outcomes. The protocol was preregistered in OSF, followed PRISMA-P guidelines, applied PICOS criteria, and assessed methodological quality using the European Commission's ToxRTool. Overall, 185 studies were included. Consistent findings showed impaired survival and disrupted development across all models. Behavioral alterations affecting anxiety, memory, learning, sociability and locomotor activity were also consistently reported. In addition, numerous studies identified disruptions in the serotonergic (5-HT) system, including changes in neurotransmitter levels, transporters and metabolic enzymes. Despite methodological heterogeneity, these findings indicate that MNP exposure produces reproducible neurodevelopmental and neurochemical alterations across experimental models. Future studies should improve methodological harmonization, strengthen cross-model comparability and identify robust biomarkers and key mechanisms underlying MNP-induced neurotoxicity, facilitating translation to human health risk assessment frameworks.
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Effects of micro– and nanoplastic exposure during critical developmental periods on the central nervous system: A systematic review of rodent models
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This review pulls together 20 animal studies looking at what happens when young mice and rats are exposed to tiny plastic particles (microplastics and nanoplastics) during pregnancy, infancy, or adolescence. The results consistently showed brain inflammation, disrupted brain cell development, and behavior changes like memory problems, anxiety, and altered social behavior. While this research is in rodents, not humans, it raises real concerns about whether plastic pollution could affect brain development in babies and children, and highlights the need for more research to understand the risk to humans.
The plastic brain part II: new insights into micro- and nanoplastics neurotoxicity
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This systematic review evaluated neurotoxicity evidence from studies on micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) exposure, covering a rapidly growing body of literature. The authors found consistent evidence of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and behavioral disruption across multiple model systems, though dose-response relationships and human relevance remain areas of uncertainty.
Effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on the brain and behavior: Evidence from rodent and human studies
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Tiny plastic particles that have already made their way into our bodies may do more than harm the heart and lungs, this review pulls together research suggesting they could also affect the brain and behavior, based on studies in animals, human data, and lab-grown brain tissue. While scientists are still working out exactly how much risk this poses to people, the early evidence is concerning enough that researchers say understanding these effects on brain health should be a priority as plastic pollution keeps growing.
Micro- and nanoplastics in neurological dysfunction
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This review examines growing evidence that micro- and nanoplastic particles can interfere with the nervous system across multiple species, including humans. Researchers found that plastic particles may disrupt cellular metabolism, affect brain development, and increase vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration. The authors highlight significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to understand the long-term neurological impacts of plastic particle exposure.
Micro- and nanoplastic exposure as an emerging risk factor for depressive-like phenotypes across species: a systematic review
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This review of animal and early human studies found that exposure to microplastics and nanoplastics (tiny plastic particles that can travel through the body and reach the brain) is consistently linked to depression-like symptoms, likely by triggering brain inflammation and cell damage. While the human evidence is still preliminary, the pattern across multiple animal studies suggests these ubiquitous plastic particles—found in food, water, and air—could be an overlooked contributor to mental health problems. More rigorous, long-term human research is needed to confirm this link and understand what it means for everyday exposure.
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