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Microplastics exacerbate the neurotoxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in zebrafish through the brain-gut axis
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This review synthesizes evidence on how micro- and nanoplastics cause developmental, reproductive, gastrointestinal, and oxidative stress toxicity in zebrafish, positioning the species as a valuable vertebrate model for understanding plastic pollutant effects across trophic levels. Zebrafish research is accelerating mechanistic understanding of how microplastics harm vertebrate biology, providing insights relevant to assessing risks for fish-eating wildlife and humans.
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