Policy Implementation and Management of Microplastics in Freshwater and Soil

Mismanagement of plastic waste associated with the lack of or inefficient waste collection schemes contributes to the direct dumping of plastic waste in freshwater bodies or in the proximity around the globe besides the littering behavior in cities and tourist destinations. Terrestrial environments are polluted by plastics via unsound landfills, illegal dumpsites, and agricultural activities (e.g., plastic mulching). Therefore, the degradation of macroplastics is a key source of microplastics (MPs) for both freshwater and soil environments threatening the specific biodiversity. Therefore, this work examines the role of policies in reducing and preventing MP contamination of freshwater and soil compartments including several sectors such as basic public utilities (solid waste management, sanitation, wastewater and sludge management), transportation, agricultural activities, and other significant sources of MP releases. Current barriers, best practices, and future prospects are further examined in line with the circular economy framework. Such policies require a multi-stakeholder approach and to be adjusted to regional and local geographies gaining community support. Furthermore, international cooperation is crucial to reducing the plastic waste trade in countries with low plastic waste management capabilities.