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The effects of biodegradable microplastics on aquatic organisms

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"Biodegradable" plastics aren't automatically safer for aquatic life. In this study, a compostable plastic (P3HB) actually harmed water fleas and plants more than traditional plastic (PET) at higher concentrations, while all plastic types were found accumulating inside the water fleas' guts. This suggests that switching to biodegradable plastics may not solve microplastic pollution problems and could introduce new risks worth studying further.

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Mikroplastika v vodno okolje vstopa v obliki majhnih plastičnih delcev ali kot posledica razgradnje in obrabe plastičnih materialov, ki se uporabljajo v vsakdanjem življenju. Zaradi okoljskih tveganj, povezanih z obstojnostjo plastike, se vse pogosteje raziskujejo biorazgradljive alternative, kot je polilaktična kislina (PLA) in poli(3-hidroksibutirat) (P3HB). Namen raziskave je primerjati in preučiti vpliv mikroplastike treh polimerov z različnimi stopnjami biorazgradljivosti, nerazgradljiv polietilen tereftalat (PET), slabo razgradljiv PLA in dobro razgradljiv P3HB na izbrana sladkovodna organizma Daphnia magna (vodna bolha) in Lemna minor (mala vodna leča). Da bi bolje posnemali okoljske razmere, smo organizma združili v sistem mikrokozmosa ter ju 21 dni izpostavili dvema koncentracijama mikroplastike (10 mg/L in 100 mg/L), pri čemer je bila velikost delcev manjša od 80 µm. Pri mali vodni leči smo spremljali vpliv na vsebnost klorofila a, dolžino korenin in na specifično hitrost rasti, pri vodnih bolhah pa reprodukcijo, preživetje ter morebitno akumulacijo delcev mikroplastike v organizmu. Najizrazitejši učinki so bili opaženi pri biorazgradljivi mikroplastiki P3HB. Pri nižji koncentraciji (10 mg/L) smo opazili stimulativen učinek na reprodukcijo vodnih bolh, medtem ko je pri višji koncentraciji (100 mg/L) prišlo do popolne nemobilnosti izpostavljenih organizmov. Pri vodni leči smo pri nižji koncentraciji (10 mg/L) opazili blag stimulativen učinek na rast, medtem ko smo pri višji koncentracijo opazili nasproten učinek. Pri PLA in PET izrazitih vplivov nismo zaznali pri nobeni od koncentracij, vendar so mikroskopske analize pokazale akumulacijo delcev mikroplastike v prebavilih vodnih bolh. Rezultati kažejo, da lahko mikroplastika vpliva na vodne organizme tako neposredno kot tudi posredno preko sprememb v okolju, pri čemer se odzivi organizmov razlikujejo glede na vrsto polimera, njegovih lastnosti in koncentracije. Raziskava poudarja pomen uporabe mikrokozmosov pri ocenjevanju okoljskih vplivov, saj omogočajo bolj realistično simulacijo dogajanja ob prisotnosti mikroplastike v okolju. Nadaljnje študije bi s preučevanjem dolgoročnih učinkov mikroplastike, posebno biorazgradljive, pomembno prispevale k razumevanju procesov razgradnje, bioloških odzivov in njihovega vpliva na sladkovodno okolje.

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