Pathogenesis of Micro/Nanoplastics in Mammalian Systems: Gut to Systemic Multi-Organ Dysfunction

Impact of Micro-nanoplastics on Gut and Immune Function

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This review examined how micro- and nanoplastics disrupt gut microbiota and immune function across aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, with implications for human health. Because the gut microbiome governs immune regulation and metabolic health, microplastic-induced dysbiosis represents a plausible mechanism by which plastic ingestion could drive systemic inflammation and disease beyond the GI tract.

Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics

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Researchers reviewed evidence from cell and animal studies on the toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics, finding that these particles can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and organ damage in laboratory models, raising concern about what chronic low-level human exposure might mean for long-term health.

Microplastics and nanoplastics in the human gut: from signals to standards

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Researchers outlined major methodological gaps in current studies on microplastic and nanoplastic exposure through the human gastrointestinal tract, proposing minimum standards for study design and reporting to move the field from preliminary signals toward causal evidence linking gut plastic exposure to specific health outcomes.

Microplastics and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review of Exposure Pathways, Biological Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications

Microplastics and nanoplastics in human health: a comprehensive review of exposure pathways, cellular mechanisms, and toxicological implications

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Researchers reviewed human exposure pathways to microplastics and nanoplastics through seafood, salt, drinking water, inhalation, and skin contact, examining how these particles cross biological barriers to reach organs and trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption with poorly understood long-term consequences.