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Environmentally aged microplastics alter archaeal and bacterial roles in ammonia oxidation of intertidal soils

Marine Pollution Bulletin 2026
Ruyuan Chen, Shujie Ruan, Cheng Liu, Feiyang Chen, Yixiao Zhang, Dengzhou Gao, Ping Yang

Summary

Scientists found that plastic pollution which has been broken down by sun, waves, and time (like the microplastics washing up on beaches and marshes) disrupts the natural process soil microbes use to cycle nitrogen, an essential nutrient for coastal ecosystems. Specifically, aged plastic bits threw off the balance between two types of nitrogen-processing microbes, slowing down the overall process by nearly a third. This matters because these coastal wetlands act as natural filters and buffers for our environment, and if microplastics are quietly disrupting the microbes that keep them healthy, it could have ripple effects on water qu

Polymers

Increasing microplastic pollution in intertidal wetlands poses significant risks to global nitrogen cycling. As microplastics inevitably undergo environmental aging, their impacts on soil physicochemical properties and microbial functions differ from those of virgin materials. However, how environmentally aged microplastics interfere with the rate-limiting ammonia oxidation step remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a 90-day microcosm experiment using intertidal soils amended with virgin and environmentally aged polypropylene (PP) microplastics at 0.5% and 1.0% (w/w) concentrations, respectively, and explored the potential roles of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in ammonia oxidation rates (PAR) based on a selective inhibitor. Our results showed that high-concentration aged PP microplastics significantly suppressed total PAR after 90 days, with an approximately 31.4% reduction compared to the control treatment. In addition, aged PP microplastics increased the ammonia oxidation rate associated with AOA, whereas they decreased that for AOB. These functional shifts may be linked to changes in soil microenvironments and geochemical properties, where aged PP microplastics decreased pH, increased organic carbon content and the Fe/Fe ratio, as well as sulfide accumulation. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering environmentally aged microplastics in studies of nitrogen cycling, as they may substantially alter soil microbial processes and related nitrogen dynamics in intertidal ecosystems.

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