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The plastic-carbon-climate nexus: Carbon sequestration, microbial adaptation, and land use solutions for a warming microplastics-contaminated world

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2026
Zelin Hou, Fan Mo, Yongkang Wu, Yin Lu, Qixing Zhou, Dawen Gao

Summary

This review paper pulls together current research on how microplastic pollution in soil disrupts the natural process by which soil stores carbon, partly by changing the mix of microbes living there and how they break down organic matter. This matters because soil is one of the planet's biggest carbon storage systems, if microplastics weaken its ability to hold carbon, that could accelerate climate warming, which in turn may worsen microplastic buildup in a troubling feedback loop. The good news: the authors point to smarter land management as a practical way to cut microplastic pollution and help protect this critical carbon-storing function.

Study Type Review

Microplastics (MPs) affect biogeochemical cycles, but the mechanisms remain unclear due to uncertainties in soil properties and microbial interactions. This paper reviews the latest advances in how increasing MPs pollution alters soil carbon pool stability and microbial community phylogeny, thereby regulating the carbon cycle. In addition to the direct microbial utilization of MPs derivatives, changes in the oxygen environment and electron transport facilitate the mineralization of primary organic matter in soil. Complex agglomerates of MPs, minerals, and organic matter help mitigate this priming effect. Moreover, the plastisphere ecology enriches carbon-turnover microorganisms and regulates functional gene expression involved in carbon cycling, possibly inducing microbial adaptive evolution through different mechanisms. This leads to ecological niche reconstruction and further regulation of carbon turnover interactions within communities. Climate warming and MPs pollution form a positive feedback loop, posing substantial ecological risks. Meta-analysis indicates that targeted land-use management can effectively mitigate these risks by reducing MPs pollution. Future research should focus on MPs ecological risk classification, carbon turnover response thresholds, microbial interactions, the ecological risks of degradable plastics, and in situ monitoring techniques to promote sustainable soil management and support global carbon neutrality goals.

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