Microplastics in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Critical Review of Sources, Transport Mechanisms and Ecotoxicological Risks

Microplastics are increasingly recognized as a serious environmental challenge because of their extensive occurrence in aquatic environments and the possible risks they present to both ecosystem health and human welfare. These tiny plastic fragments, usually smaller than 5 millimeters, stem from primary sources like industrial outputs and self care products, as well as from the breakdown of larger plastic materials. Their widespread occurrence in rivers, oceans, and even through airborne transmission has raised concerns about their mobility across different environments. Many aquatic species consume these particles, which can lead to harmful effects such as the accumulation of toxins and disruptions in their growth, feeding habits, and reproductive systems. The detection of microplastics in seafood and drinking water has further intensified concerns about their possible health impacts on humans. Efforts to manage this issue include global initiatives such as those by United Nations Environment Programme alongside national policies, although enforcing these measures and raising public consciousness remains a challenge. To combat the issue effectively, strategies like better waste disposal systems, public outreach, and the development of eco friendly alternatives are necessary. This Paper points to existing research gaps, the urgency for a robust global monitoring network, and recommendations for future interventions to lessen the impact of microplastics on both nature and general health.