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Application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in Identifying and Quantifying Heavy Metals in Industrial Plastic-Waste Streams in Asia

Photonics 2026
M. A. Khan, Asadullah Dawood, M Hisham Alnasir, Muhammad Junaid, Ambreen Ayub, Abdul Wahab Ajmal, S. AlFaify, Mahmoud Fahmy Youssef Shalaby

Summary

This review paper looks at a laser-based scanning technology (LIBS) that could quickly detect toxic heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and arsenic hiding in recycled plastics—much faster and cheaper than current lab testing methods. This matters because these contaminants can end up in everyday plastic products when recycling isn't properly screened, so faster detection could help keep hazardous materials out of items you use daily and reduce heavy-metal exposure risks.

The growing volume of plastic waste produced has made the need for efficient identification and quantification strategies to detect and identify harmful contaminants, particularly heavy-metals, in industrial plastic-waste streams more urgent than ever. Traditional chemical digestion methods (acid digestion, ICP-MS, or AAS) provide accurate quantification and are time-consuming, costly, and not high-throughput-sorting. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers several advantages, including rapid real-time analysis, minimal sample preparation, multi-element detection, and efficient elemental characterization. The current review aims to investigate the possibility of using the LIBS technique to detect and quantify some heavy-metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) in heterogeneous industrial plastic wastes. The calibration strategies (reference standards) as well as optimization of the signal response and algorithms for data processing, including chemometric models, are evaluated to reduce the limit of detection and enhance analytical accuracy. The results indicate that LIBS can detect heavy-metal contamination at concentrations relevant to regulatory limits and can be scaled for online quality-control monitoring in plastic recycling facilities. In this review, the results have been summarized to support the use of LIBS for waste management towards environmental compliance, reduced use of hazardous materials in recycling products, and reduced health problems due to heavy-metal pollution.

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