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Effects of micro- and nanoplastics exposure on male semen quality and associated mechanisms: A research progress review
Summary
Tiny plastic particles called micro- and nanoplastics are showing up everywhere, including inside our bodies—and this review of existing research suggests they can build up in the testes and semen, where they're linked to lower sperm count, weaker sperm movement, and abnormally shaped sperm. Scientists think these plastics may harm sperm by triggering cell stress, inflammation, and hormone disruption, though most evidence so far comes from animal and lab studies rather than large human trials. Given the ongoing global decline in male fertility, this is a good reason to reduce unnecessary plastic exposure while researchers work to confir
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), as emerging environmental pollutants, have ubiquitously contaminated global ecosystems and even human tissues, raising significant concerns about their potential health risks. The global decline in male reproductive health, particularly semen quality, is thought to be strongly linked to environmental pollutant exposure. This review summarized the latest research progress on the effects of MNP exposure on male semen quality and its underlying mechanisms. Existing evidence indicates that MNPs can enter the human body through multiple pathways such as inhalation and ingestion, accumulate in the reproductive system including the testes and semen. This accumulation is associated with the deterioration of semen quality parameters, manifesting as decreased sperm concentration, reduced sperm motility, and abnormal sperm morphology. The proposed mechanisms primarily include oxidative stress, inflammatory response, endocrine disruption, and apoptosis. This paper systematically reviewed the findings and limitations of current research and provided perspectives on future directions, including the effects of long-term low-dose exposure, validation in human epidemiological studies, and the risks of mixed exposures, to provide a scientific basis for a comprehensive assessment of the male reproductive toxicity of MNPs.