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From Microbes to Molecules: Biodegradable Microplastics Reshape Soil Carbon Metabolism and Composition of Dissolved Organic Matter

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2026
Xiaojing Hu, Lin Han, Raúl Ochoa‐Hueso, Jiaqi Song, Xuechen Yang, G WANG

Summary

"Biodegradable" plastics, often marketed as the eco-friendly alternative to regular plastic, actually shake up soil in bigger ways than conventional microplastics do—changing which microbes and viruses thrive there and how they break down carbon-containing matter. This matters because soil health underpins the food we eat and how well soil stores carbon, so before biodegradable plastics get widely used in farming, we need to understand their hidden effects on the soil ecosystems we depend on.

Body Systems

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment, yet how conventional MPs (CMPs) and biodegradable MPs (BMPs) alter microbial carbon (C) metabolism and dissolved organic matter (DOM) remains unclear. Using metagenomic sequencing and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we found that BMPs altered microbial C cycling profiles more profoundly than CMPs. This was driven by a significant enrichment of functional genes involved in aerobic respiration, C fixation, intracellular C decomposition, and fermentation. In addition, BMPs exerted stronger influences on prokaryotic and viral community structures than CMPs. Notably, BMPs specifically enriched unique microbial taxa and virus-host linkages carrying diverse C-cycling genes, coregulating key metabolic pathways, and promoting a "viral shuttle" mechanism that accelerated DOM turnover. These effects were mediated through enhanced accumulation of labile and recalcitrant C components in relation to fertilization regimes. These findings revealed mechanisms by which BMPs reshape soil carbon dynamics through microbial-viral interactions.

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