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Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A nationwide population‐based cohort study – A commentary on Oh and Song 2026

Original title: Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A nationwide population‐based cohort study – A commentary on Oh and Song 2026

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2026
George Ayoub

Summary

A massive study of over 1.4 million births in South Korea found that pregnant women exposed to higher levels of common air pollutants (nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, mostly from traffic and industry) had children with a greater risk of being diagnosed with autism, ADHD, and other developmental conditions well into their teenage years. Animal studies back this up, showing that pollution—including tiny plastic particles—can inflame and disrupt a developing brain before birth. The takeaway: the air a mother breathes during pregnancy may shape her child's brain development, making air quality a public health issue worth taking seri

Body Systems
Models

This commentary examines how prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution may contribute to the aetiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Experimental work demonstrates that gestational exposure to air pollution and micro- and nanoplastics can induce neuroinflammation, synaptic disruption and autism- or attention-related phenotypes in rodents, supporting biological plausibility for pollutant-related NDD risk. Large-scale epidemiological studies have begun to link prenatal traffic-related pollutants with cognitive delay, behavioural difficulties and increased risk of ASD and ADHD, although most data come from Western cohorts. Against this backdrop, a nationwide South Korean cohort (>1.4 million births) reports that higher prenatal nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide exposure is associated with increased risk of clinically diagnosed NDDs into adolescence. These findings underscore prenatal air pollution as a modifiable, population-level risk factor for child mental health.

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