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Toxic Contaminants in Glacial Meltwater and Their Impact on the Environment and Human Health
Summary
This review compiles evidence on toxic contaminants—including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, microplastics, and emerging pollutants—released from glaciers as they melt due to climate change, and assesses their downstream ecological and public health risks. Glacial meltwater is an increasingly significant vector delivering legacy and contemporary microplastic contamination to freshwater supplies in glacier-dependent communities worldwide.
Glacial water ecosystems serve as natural reservoirs that support downstream hydrological systems and communities. Growing environmental concerns about toxic chemicals in these ecosystems need a thorough investigation into health hazards. Heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), microplastics, and emerging pollutants pose serious ecological and public health threats. Therefore, this review compiles current data and health risks associated with hazardous contaminants in glacier water systems. The research identified that the release of heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, microplastics, and emerging contaminants is attributable to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Understanding the mechanisms and effects of these toxic substances is critical for protecting human health and ensuring the integrity of these fragile ecosystems. Furthermore, current research and observations highlight that the existing scientific literature is pivotal in advancing progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). These studies provide valuable insights and policy guidance for achieving water security in glacier-dependent regions by addressing key issues such as water quality, availability, and sustainable management.