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Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and nanoplastics from water using selected nanomaterial-based membranes: A review
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"Forever chemicals" (PFAS) and tiny plastic particles are showing up in drinking water and are linked to health problems, so scientists urgently need better ways to filter them out. This review pulls together research on cutting-edge filter materials—super-thin, specially engineered membranes—that show real promise for trapping these pollutants more effectively than current methods. The catch: these filters aren't ready for your kitchen faucet yet, since researchers still need to make them cheaper to produce, longer-lasting, and effective in real-world water that's also full of salts and other contaminants.
Nanomaterial-based membranes have emerged as promising candidates for advanced water purification because of their unique physicochemical properties and versatile functionalities. MXenes, MOFs, and GO were selected because they represent complementary membrane platforms: MXenes provide hydrophilic and conductive lamellar channels, MOFs offer tunable porosity and adsorption sites, and GO supplies oxygenated functional groups and two-dimensional transport pathways. MXene-based membranes exhibit strong hydrophilicity, tunable surface termination, and high conductivity, which facilitate the removal of persistent organic pollutants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and emerging contaminants such as nanoplastics (NPs) through electrostatic interaction and size-exclusion. Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based membranes, with their high porosity and structural diversity, further enhance water flux and selective separation, whereas graphene oxide (GO)-based membranes improve antifouling resistance and enable hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Hybrid and composite structures that integrate MXenes, MOFs, and GO achieve synergistic performances of high flux, retention efficiency, and fouling resistance. However, the economic feasibility of such hybrid membranes depends on reducing nanomaterial loading, simplifying synthesis routes, minimizing solvent and energy consumption, and ensuring scalable fabrication without sacrificing separation performance. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain in terms of scalability, long-term stability, and performance under multi-pollutant conditions in which salts, heavy metals, and natural organic matter often coexist and interfere with membrane separation. Addressing these issues requires multifunctional designs, greener fabrication strategies, and integration with catalytic or electrochemical processes to ensure sustainable and durable operation. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in MXene-, MOF-, and GO-based membranes for PFAS and NP removal, highlighting separation mechanisms, performance outcomes, and future directions, with the central message that practical implementation requires simultaneous consideration of removal efficiency, flux stability, material durability, scalability, and performance under realistic multi-pollutant water conditions.
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This review pulls together current research on special filter fibers designed to trap harmful substances like microplastics, "forever chemicals" (PFAS), and germs from our air and water. By coating these ultra-thin fibers with specific chemical properties, scientists can catch pollutants that are too small for regular filters to block, which could lead to better water and air purification systems in the future.
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Tiny plastic particles called microplastics are slipping through our wastewater treatment plants and ending up back in the environment—and potentially in our food and water—because standard filtering methods aren't fine enough to catch them. This review paper rounds up the latest research on advanced filter membranes that can trap these particles more effectively, while also tackling a key problem: the membranes tend to get clogged by the plastics they're filtering out. While these technologies aren't yet perfected or widely deployed, they represent a promising step toward cleaner water and reduced human exposure to microplastics, which have been linked to potential health concerns.
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Tiny plastic particles called microplastics and nanoplastics are showing up in our water supplies and can pose risks to human health, so scientists are searching for better ways to filter them out. This review paper rounds up existing research on cutting-edge materials, like specially engineered nanoparticles and filters, that can trap and remove these plastic particles more effectively than traditional water treatment methods. While these technologies are promising, they're still being refined, so widespread use in your local water treatment plant may take more time and research.
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Researchers developed a new type of polymer-based material called cationic nanoparticle networks that can simultaneously remove both microplastics and PFAS (so-called forever chemicals) from water. The best-performing material achieved record-high microplastic removal capacity and worked effectively even in seawater and at varying pH levels. The technology offers a promising dual-purpose approach for addressing two of the most persistent water pollutants at the same time.
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.