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Sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based micro/nanospheres: a systematic scoping review on biodegradable materials and applications

npj Materials Sustainability 2026
Mingyeong Kim, Ki Hoon Lee, Hoik Lee

Summary

This review pulls together existing research on eco-friendly, biodegradable alternatives to the tiny plastic beads and particles (micro/nanospheres) commonly used in cosmetics, medicines, and industrial products—materials that often end up as microplastic pollution in our environment and bodies. The researchers found promising options made from natural and plant-based materials that could replace petroleum-based versions, but note more work is needed to make these alternatives perform as well and be tested consistently. This matters because reducing our reliance on plastic microspheres could help cut down microplastic exposure in food, water, and eventually human tissue, while still suppor

Study Type Review

Abstract Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this systematic review evaluates sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based micro/nanospheres. We classify biodegradable materials into natural, synthetic, and composite systems, analyzing their fabrication alongside diverse applications in cosmetics, biomaterials, environmental remediation, catalysis, and thermal energy storage. By addressing technical trade-offs, standardized testing, and critical research gaps, this work provides a strategic roadmap for engineering high-performance, eco-friendly microspheres to mitigate the global microplastic crisis and promote a circular bioeconomy.

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