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Detection of Nanoplastics in Marine Environments: Current Methods and Future Perspectives
Summary
Tiny plastic particles called nanoplastics—so small they're invisible to the eye—are ending up in our oceans, but scientists still don't have a reliable, standardized way to detect and measure them. This review rounds up the current lab methods for finding these particles in seawater and marine life, and finds that testing techniques vary widely and aren't yet consistent across labs. That matters because nanoplastics can end up in seafood we eat, and until scientists agree on how to accurately measure them, it's hard to know just how much we're actually exposed to or what health risks they pose.
In recent decades, plastic consumption has risen across various industries and everyday products, leading to greater plastic use and the generation of waste, which results in the leaching of micro- and nanoplastics into the environment. This review summarizes recent analytical methods for the detection of nanoplastics (NPs) in several marine matrices, divided into three main stages: extraction, separation, and identification. The literature reviewed indicates that chemical and enzymatic digestion are the most commonly used procedures for the extraction step. For the separation step, flotation, filtration, and centrifugation are the most used techniques. Finally, two groups of techniques may be used for the identification step. The first category consists of methods used for qualitative identification, with spectroscopic methods such as Raman and FTIR being the most frequently used. The second category comprises those used for the quantitative analysis of NPs, where fluorescence-based methods and nanoparticle tracking analysis are increasingly used for this assessment. Despite these advances, significant challenges remain, such as matrix interferences caused by salinity and organic matter, low environmental concentrations of NPs, and the lack of standardized protocols. This review highlights the need for standardized protocols, validated reference materials, and integrated multi-technique approaches to improve the comparability of nanoplastics measurements in marine environments.