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An Overview of Microplastics' Impact on Health and the Environment

Original title: An Overview of Microplastics’ Impact on Health and the Environment

2026
Ivan Aranha

Summary

Tiny plastic particles called microplastics are now everywhere—in our food, water, and even the air we breathe—and this review paper pulls together existing research showing they may be linked to cell damage, hormone problems, gut issues, and even increased cancer risk. Scientists are still studying the long-term effects, but the widespread presence of microplastics is concerning enough that experts are calling for less plastic use and better waste management to protect our health.

Study Type Environmental

Microplastics (MPs) have been found in the most remote and pristine environments and are becoming a growing health concern due to the increasing use of plastic. MP debris, which constitutes the majority of plastic waste, has recently started to threaten ecosystems and human health. Food chains in freshwater and marine environments contain MPs, which carry harmful chemicals and cause damage to human health through the food supply. MPs in soils disrupt microbial populations, alter soil structure, and hinder plants’ photosynthesis. They also contribute to respiratory exposure through the air, especially in cities and towns. Humans are exposed to MPs through their diet (seafood, salt, and water) and inhalation, leading to cellular damage, hormone imbalances, respiratory problems, cardiovascular issues, gut flora disturbances, disrupted microbial metabolic pathways, abnormal organ development, and increased cancer risk. Concerns also include neurological and developmental abnormalities and reproductive issues, while research on long-term health effects continues. Because MPs are widespread, immediate research and policy actions are needed to reduce plastic use, improve waste management, and raise public awareness to mitigate their adverse effects.

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