The Hidden Threat of Microplastics in Traditional Cigarettes: A Narrative Review of Health and Environmental Risks

Exposure to microplastics (MPs) in biological systems can lead to particle toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory changes, potentially contributing to cancer development, digestive disorders, respiratory issues, and fertility problems. Traditional cigarette users are particularly vulnerable, as MPs have been detected in 99% of cigarette filters, exposing smokers to these particles through inhalation and ingestion. This narrative review aims to analyze the sources, health implications, and biochemical impact of MPs derived from cigarette consumption. A literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, applying strict inclusion criteria: peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2025 and keywords such as "microplastics", "smoking", "tobacco", "oxidative stress", "pro-inflammatory cytokines", "cell viability", "regulatory policies", and "health effects". Findings indicate that MPs are present in biological samples such as blood (77% of cases), placenta (75%), lung tissue (88%), and feces (100%), demonstrating systemic human exposure. The environmental implications of improper cigarette disposal further exacerbate the global microplastic crisis. This review highlights potential mitigation strategies to reduce the health and environmental impact of cigarette-derived microplastics.