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Organ Translocation and Toxicological Mechanisms of MPs in Humans and Rodents
Summary
This review pulls together existing research showing that tiny plastic particles called microplastics can build up in organs like your liver, brain, and reproductive system, potentially triggering inflammation, hormone disruption, and even fertility problems. The findings suggest links between microplastic exposure and conditions like fatty liver disease, gut microbiome imbalances, and respiratory or heart issues, though scientists still need more research to fully understand how serious and permanent these effects are. Since microplastics are now found throughout our environment—in food, water, and air—this matters because avoiding exposure entirely is nearly impossible, making it important to understand the
Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm. These unregulated substances have recently been recognized as a pollutant that poses a serious risk to human health, as they have penetrated ecosystems all over the world. This study has critically discussed the toxicological impacts of MPs on rodents and human health, ranging from cellular disruptions to dysfunction at the organism level. The study is further expanded to investigate the exposure pathways of humans and rodents to MP pollution. The induced toxicity in diverse human cell types includes oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and genotoxicity. In addition to that, instances showing evidence from studies conducted on rodent and in vivo research showing that the MPs accumulate in body parts such as liver, brain, and reproductive could potentially cause metabolic disorder, neurotoxicity, and infertility issues. The study also highlights the relationship between MP exposure and the pathophysiology of several ailments including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, disorders of the respiratory system, and other cardiovascular diseases. Studies’ findings show that exposure to MPs causes imbalance in gut microbiota, resulting in immune dysregulation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. Several instances from studies show that microbiome-mediated inflammatory signaling is the significant mechanism for gut diseases. The study has also highlighted the research gaps in the MP research. The study will provide a base for further research to be conducted in this area to completely understand the chronic and acute effects of MPs exposure and the associated mechanisms.