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The role of the gut microbiome and metabolome in potentializing metabolic health disorders. Review
Summary
This review pulls together existing research showing that the trillions of bacteria in your gut—and the substances they produce—play a bigger role in obesity, diabetes, and heart problems than previously thought, partly by leaking into your bloodstream and triggering inflammation. Notably, it highlights how microplastics from food containers may worsen this by damaging the gut's protective barrier, making it easier for harmful bacterial byproducts to escape into the body. The findings suggest that future treatments—like fecal transplants, targeted diets, or engineered gut bacteria—could help manage these metabolic diseases, though more research is still needed before
The article presents data on the features of changes in the intestinal microbiome and metabolome in the most common metabolic-associated diseases. Attention is drawn to the significant role of the liver as the first organ that comes into contact with blood from the mesenteric outflow from the intestine, which, in addition to nutrients, may contain toxins and other components. It is noted that microbial translocation from the intestine contributes to the development of inflammatory processes in adipose tissue. Data are provided on the role of changes in the intestinal microbiome and virome in metabolic-associated pathologies. Data are also provided on the activity of intestinal microbiota metabolites in the development of heart failure, disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, and others. Among the metabolites, special attention is paid to trimethylamine oxide, phenylacetylglutamine, and short-chain fatty acids. Attention is paid to other signaling pathways of interaction between the intestinal microbiome and the human body, namely bioactive molecules — extracellular bacterial vesicles. The ability of extracellular vesicles to overcome biological barriers in the «host» organism (intestinal, endothelial, etc.) is emphasized, even if they do not have impaired permeability and accumulate in internal organs. Attention is also paid to the problem of the impact of microplastics, which can enter the body from «food» plastic containers with water and food and provoke dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiome and contribute to an increase in the permeability of the intestinal barrier, respectively, contributing to the development of metabolic-associated diseases (obesity, metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease, etc.). The special relevance of the development of new methods of influencing the intestinal microbiome, (fecal virome transplantation, phage therapy and the use of modified extracellular vesicles) along with dietary interventions and the use of various «biotics» is indicated. Despite the limited application of these new developments in the modification of the intestinal microbiome and the presence of many questions that have not yet been answered, their further study and application in humans are very relevant and promising in the treatment of metabolic-associated diseases (obesity, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension and others).